Acquaintance with dental vocabulary and terms

✓ Abscess: infection of tooth, soft tissue or bone.

✓ Oral pathologist: A provider of oral and dental health services who examines the causes of diseases that affect the structures of the mouth (teeth, lips, cheeks, jaws) as well as parts of the face and neck.

✓ Pathology: It is a branch of medical science that discusses the effects of diseases and injuries at the tissue, cellular and molecular level and includes the study of the disease process in an organ or the whole body to know its nature and causes.

✓ Sedative: a type of drug that is used to reduce pain and anxiety and create a state of relaxation.

✓ Arch: description of the shape of the upper and lower teeth.

✓ Amalgam: dental filling material used to repair cavities. This material, which is known as "silver filling material", contains mercury in combination with silver, tin, copper and sometimes zinc.

✓ Analgesia: pain relief; A substance to reduce pain.

✓ Antibiotic: A medicine that stops or slows down the growth process of bacteria.

✓ Antiseptic: A chemical substance that can be used on living tissue to kill bacteria.

✓ Anesthesia: a type of medicine that leads to the complete elimination or at least some of the feeling of pain. Dental anesthesia is an example of local anesthesia. General anesthesia produces general or complete anesthesia.

✓ Underbite: a condition in which the upper and lower teeth are improperly placed on top of each other, and the upper jaw teeth are further back than the lower jaw teeth. The severity of the underbite problem is different in different people.

✓ Onlay: A type of restoration made of metal, porcelain, or acrylic resin that covers one or more dental cusps. Sometimes, Onlay is also called parcel veneer.

✓ Abutment: teeth or a tooth next to the edentulous area that supports a fixed bridge or movable partial; It also refers to a piece of metal or porcelain that is screwed onto an implant and allows the crown to be placed on it.

✓ Apex: the tip of the tooth root.

✓ Appliance: Any removable dental restoration or orthodontic device.

✓ Adjustment: a set of corrective actions on dental prostheses after finishing and placing the prosthesis in the mouth.

✓ X-rays: high-frequency light that penetrates different materials to a different extent. X-rays have different speeds and absorption rates in different materials. In dentistry, there are usually four types of X-ray radiographs: periapical, bitewing, occlusal and panoramic.

✓ Temporomandibular disorder (TMD): It is a problem related to temporomandibular muscles and joints. This condition is characterized by facial pain and limited ability to open the mouth or move the jaw. It is often accompanied by a clicking or popping sound when the jaw opens or closes.

✓ Edentulous: complete toothlessness

Stomatitis caused by dentures: inflammation caused by dentures. Dentures with improper matching, poor oral hygiene and the accumulation of candida albicans fungus under the denture can cause this condition.

✓ Endodontist: One of the dental specialists who deals with the causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries caused by dental pulp or dental nerve.

✓ Endodontics: a branch of dental science related to the biology and pathology of pulp tissue and tooth root, which is responsible for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries to these tissues. Root canal treatment is a common treatment in this field.

✓ Air abrasion/micro abrasion: In this method, the tooth surface is worn with air and abrasive materials without using a drill. This is a relatively new technology that may eliminate the need for anesthesia and can be used to remove tooth decay, old composite restorations and surface stain or stain and color change and prepare the tooth surface for bonding or fissure sealant.

✓ Orthodontist: An oral health service provider who specializes in diagnosing, preventing and treating malocclusion of the mouth and teeth and their surrounding structures. This specialist must correct the position of the tooth by moving the tooth within the bone using bands, wires, brackets, and other corrective devices or a movable or fixed retainer.

✓ Orthodontics: a specialty in the field of dentistry that corrects the function and unfavorable position of teeth using brackets, retainers and other dental devices.

✓ Alveolar bone: the bone around the root that secures the tooth in its place. The loss of this bone is a sign of periodontal disease.

✓ Jawbone: One of the facial bones that includes the alveolar bone that supports the teeth.

✓ Occlusion: The connection between the upper and lower teeth in a closed mouth state.

✓ Overbite: excessive protrusion of the upper jaw due to the vertical overlapping of the anterior teeth.

✓ Overjet: excessive protrusion of the upper jaw due to the horizontal overlap of the anterior teeth.

✓ Overdenture: Dentures rely on implants with teeth that are placed on the root or dental implants.

✓ Ultrasound: A treatment in which deep heat is applied to the affected area to relieve pain or improve body movements.

fierce In dentistry, ultrasound can be used to treat temporomandibular joint disorders.

✓ Implant: a metal rod (usually made of titanium) which is surgically placed in the upper or lower jaw bone where there are no teeth. It also acts as a tooth root and a base for a crown, bridge, or denture that is placed on it.

✓ Incisors: The four front teeth of the upper and lower jaw, except the canine teeth. These teeth are mainly used for tearing and cutting.

✓ Inlay (Inlay): It is similar to a filling, but it is made outside the mouth and then cemented or glued to the tooth.

✓ Anaerobic bacteria: Bacteria that do not need oxygen to grow. These bacteria are generally associated with periodontal disease.

✓ Biofeedback: A relaxation technique that involves learning how to better deal with pain and stress by changing behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

✓ Bonding: A process by which dental materials are mechanically and chemically connected to teeth. This method is performed on composite resin, porcelain and metal.

✓ Bite: communication between upper and lower teeth in closed mouth (occlusion).

✓ Bite-wing: A radiographic imaging technique that shows the upper and lower teeth (from the crown to the supporting bone surface) in a selected area on a film to check for interdental decay.

✓ Bicuspid: fourth and fifth teeth from the center of the mouth; These teeth are part of the back teeth that are responsible for chewing and have two cusps. Adults have eight bicuspids or premolars (two teeth in front of each group of molar teeth).

✓ Bruxism: Grinding or grinding teeth, often during sleep, is called bruxism.

✓ Surgical incision and drainage (incision and drainage): Surgical incision of an abscess in order to remove pus from it.

✓ Thrush: Oral infection caused by Candida fungus.

✓ Braces: devices that (bands, wires and ceramic appliances) are placed on the teeth by orthodontists to gradually place the teeth in a more favorable row.

✓ Saliva: a clear lubricant liquid in the mouth that contains water, enzymes, bacteria, mucus, viruses, blood cells and food particles.

✓ Bleaching: Chemical treatment to correct the color of natural teeth that uses peroxide to create a whitening effect.

✓ Oral hygiene: the process of maintaining the cleanliness of teeth and related structures.

✓ Topical anesthetic: an ointment that causes mild soft tissue anesthesia.

✓ Cleaning: removing plaque and tartar from the teeth (generally above the gum line).

✓ Pulp: the living part of the tooth that is inside the dentin. The pulp contains nerve tissue and blood vessels that supply nutrients to the tooth.

✓ Pontic: a replacement tooth placed on a fixed or mobile prosthesis.

✓ Filling: Restoring the lost tooth structure with metal, porcelain or resin materials.

✓ Gold fillings: an alternative to amalgam fillings.

✓ Porcelain: a tooth-colored, glass-like material; It is very similar to Mina.

✓ Prosthetics: Mobile or fixed devices that are used to replace missing teeth (for example, bridge, partials, and dentures).

✓ Prosthodontist: A dental specialist who is skilled in restoring or replacing teeth with fixed or removable prostheses and establishing optimal occlusion. These specialists also treat deformities and deformities of the face with eye, ear and nose prostheses.

✓ Prophylaxis: tooth cleaning to prevent periodontal disease and tooth decay.

✓ Periapical: the area at the end of the root of the teeth.

✓ Periodontitis: the more advanced stage of periodontal disease in which the inner layer of gum and bone is separated from the teeth and the alveolar bone is destroyed.

✓ Periodontist: a dental specialist whose expertise is in the field of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the soft tissue of the mouth (gums) and the supporting structures (bones) of the teeth (both natural teeth and artificial teeth).

✓ Periodontium: Tissue, including gum, bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament – ​​that surrounds and supports both sides of the tooth.

✓ Post: A thin metal rod that is placed in the root of the tooth after root canal treatment. It also provides a blind clamp and cover that replaces the lost tooth structure.

✓ Bridge: fixed dental prosthesis that is fixed to the teeth adjacent to the edentulous space. Replacing one or more missing teeth is done by cementing or connecting these prostheses to teeth or implants adjacent to the toothless space. It is also called fixed partial prosthesis.

✓ Plaque: It is a thin and sticky layer of undigested food particles mixed with saliva and bacteria that continuously forms on the teeth. Finally, plaque alone is considered as one of the important factors in causing tooth decay and periodontal diseases.

✓ Caries: tooth decay or "dental cavities"; Dental infection caused by toxins produced by bacteria.

✓ Decay: destruction of tooth structure caused by toxins produced by B

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✓ Baby bottle tooth decay: This type of decay occurs in infants and children and often affects the upper front teeth and is generally caused by liquids that stick to the teeth for a long time. (for example, milk bottles or pacifiers). It is also called "early childhood caries".

✓ Crown: the part of the tooth located above the gum that is covered by enamel; Dental restorations that cover all or a significant part of natural teeth; This artificial cover can be made of porcelain, composite, or metal and cemented on the damaged teeth.

✓ Tartar: It is a common term for dental plaque. It creates deposits and a hard surface that sticks to the teeth and makes it easier to absorb plaque.

✓ Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): A treatment that uses electrical currents at low levels to relieve pain. In dentistry, TENS is a type of treatment that can be used to relax the nerves and muscles of the face and jaw.

✓ Bone analysis (bone resorption): reducing the amount of bone that supports the tooth root; Periodontal disease is one of the most common causes. (bone resorption)

✓ Gum analysis (gum recession): exposure of the tooth root due to contraction caused by abrasion, erogen, periodontal disease or surgery.

✓ Composite resin restorations (composite resin filling): restorative materials with plastic properties and the same color as the teeth, which include small ceramic or glass particles, which are usually hardened and cured by chemical catalysts and light. These materials are alternatives to amalgam restorations.

✓ Transplant: pulling a natural tooth from its socket or cavity and placing it in the empty cavity of another tooth.

✓ Trauma: damage caused by external force, chemicals, excessive temperature or unfavorable and weak tooth orientation.

✓ Trigger-point injections: a method to relieve pain by which painkillers or anesthesia drugs are injected into the sensitive muscle called the "trigger area". In dentistry, this method can be used in people with Temporomandibular joint disorders should be used.

✓ Pregnancy tumors: a severe inflammatory reaction to a local and chronic irritation (such as food particles or plaque) that occurs in more than 10% of pregnant women and often in women with gingivitis. Pregnancy tumor appears in the inflamed gum tissue as a large red mass, which is usually located near the upper gum line. A red lump that may bleed and make it difficult to eat and talk and cause discomfort.

✓ Oral surgeon: A provider of oral and dental health services who performs various types of surgery in and around the face, mouth and jaw.

✓ Oral and maxillofacial surgery: oral surgeries that remove teeth, cysts or tumors and treat fractures and jaw abnormalities.

✓ Flap surgery: It means lifting the gum tissue and exposing the teeth and bone structures.

✓ Scaling and root planing: a non-surgical method by which the plaque is separated from above and below the gum line (scaling) and the rough spots on the tooth root are smoothed (planing).

✓ Gingivoplasty: A method performed by periodontists to change the shape of the gum tissue.

✓ Gingivectomy: surgical removal of gum tissue.

✓ Mercury: one of the metal components used in amalgam.

✓ Dental sensitivity (hypersensitivity): sharp and sudden reaction in the tooth when exposed to hot, cold, sweet, sour, chemical, or mechanical stimuli.

✓ Dry socket or dry socket: It is a common and at the same time painful complication that occurs in the cavity of the extracted tooth in some cases after tooth extraction. A blood clot formed in the cavity in order to protect the bones and nerves and start the healing process, if it is moved from the relevant place for any reason, it will cause a dry or dry cavity.

✓ Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID): Often used as an analgesic in dentistry.

✓ Radio wave therapy: This treatment includes the use of low-level electrical stimulation to increase blood flow and relieve pain. In dentistry, this is a type of treatment that can be used in the joints of people with temporomandibular joint disorders.

✓ Root canal therapy: a method in which the pulp chamber is cleaned and disinfected to preserve the infected tooth and the canal space is permanently filled with a substance.

✓ Demineralization: The loss of enamel minerals below the surface of the caries lesion, which is usually characterized as a white area on the surface of the tooth.

✓ Dentin: the inner layer of the tooth structure, immediately below the surface of the enamel.

✓ Denture: movable or fixed prosthesis to replace teeth and lost tissues around it. Two types of removable dentures are available: complete and partial. Complete dentures are used when all teeth are missing. While partial dentures are used when some natural teeth are left.

✓ Partial denture: a mobile device that replaces some teeth in the upper or lower jaw.

✓ Immediate denture: a full or partial prosthesis that is prepared before teeth are extracted and can be placed as soon as the natural tooth comes out.

✓ Pediatric dentist (pedodontist/pediatric dentist): provider of oral and dental health services who specializes in diagnosing and treating dental problems of children from infancy, childhood to adulthood. These specialists usually take care of patients with specific diseases.

✓ Cosmetic (aesthetic) dentistry: a branch of dentistry under which various treatments are performed to improve the color and shape of teeth.

✓ General dentist: They provide basic dental services. These dentists perform diagnosis, treatment and general management of oral and dental health needs including gum care, root canal treatment, filling, coating, veneers, prosthesis making, prevention education and treatment of oral diseases.

✓ Children's dentistry (pedodontics or pediatric dentistry): It is one of the specialties of dentistry that focuses treatment in this field on babies, children and young adults.

✓ Teething: Eruption of baby teeth through the gums.

✓ Milk teeth (primary teeth): a set of 20 teeth that exist temporarily and are also called baby teeth and deciduous teeth. These teeth are normally replaced one by one from the age of 6 to 12 with permanent teeth.

✓ Deciduous teeth: a set of 20 teeth that are commonly called "baby teeth" or primary teeth.

✓ Wisdom teeth: The third molar that usually grows between the ages of 18 and 25.

✓ Molar teeth: Three end teeth in each quadrant of the jaw that are responsible for crushing food.

✓ Impacted tooth: A tooth whose growth path to the gum surface is partially or completely blocked. A impacted tooth can put pressure on the side teeth or damage the bone structures that support the adjacent tooth. Most of the time, impacted teeth need to be surgically removed.

✓ Unerupted tooth: A tooth that has not come out of the gum, but its position in the dental arch is considered correct.

✓ Permanent teeth: teeth that replace milk teeth. There are usually 32 permanent teeth in a complete dental period.

✓ Dry mouth: conditions in which the flow of saliva decreases and there is not enough saliva to keep the mouth moist. Dry mouth can be the result of some medications (such as antihistamines and decongestants), certain diseases (such as Sjögren's syndrome, / AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes), certain medical treatments (such as head and neck radiation therapy), as well as nerve damage, dehydration, smoking. and removal or surgery of salivary glands. Dry mouth is also called xerostomia.

✓ Rubber dam: a device made of soft latex or vinyl sheet that is used to isolate one or more teeth from the contamination of oral fluids. It also prevents the tools from entering the throat while working.

✓ Radiographic: Partonegari or radiography is the method of examining the body by shining X-rays on it and producing images on stereotypes or sensitive screens.

✓ Occlusal radiography (occlusal X-rays): radiographic image that shows the development and complete position of the teeth. Each image shows the entire dental arch in the upper and lower jaw.

✓ Panoramic radiography (panoramic X-ray): a type of X-ray radiography that shows two-dimensional images of all the teeth in the mouth. These radiographs show the relationship between the teeth in the jaw and between the jaws.

✓ Periapical radiography (periapical X-rays): This radiography provides a complete view from the root to the crown of the teeth.

✓ Oral and maxillofacial radiologist: oral health service provider who produces and interprets all types of radiographic images and data that are used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, maxillofacial defects, and oral, maxillofacial, and facial conditions.

✓ Acrylic resin: a substance with plastic properties that is widely used in dentistry.

✓ Restorations: Any replacement used to restore the beauty and function of the lost tooth structure. For example, dentures, dental prostheses, restorations, veneers and implants.

✓ Porcelain inlay or onlay restorations: tooth-colored restorations made of porcelain, which are connected to the tooth by cement or bonding materials.

✓ Remineralization: Deposition or replacement of dental minerals in a lesion that has already been demineralized (already destroyed and lost its minerals). This reverses the caries process and also accelerates this process in the presence of topical fluoride.

✓ Porcelain crown: all porcelain restorations that cover the crown of the tooth (above the gums).

✓ Eruption: Emergence of a tooth from its position in the jaw.

✓ Recontouring: A method in which small amounts of tooth enamel are removed to change the length, shape, or surface. Also called odontoplasty, enameloplasty, stripping, or slenderizing.

✓ Root: the part of the tooth that connects the teeth to the jaw.

✓ Canker sore: a wound or small superficial wounds that appear in the mouth and often cause discomfort in eating

And it is spoken. These wounds are typically more common between the ages of 10 and 20.

✓ Xerostomia or dry mouth (xerostomia): dry mouth or reduced saliva production.

✓ Gingivitis: Inflamed, swollen and red gum tissue that may bleed easily when touched. This is the first stage of a series of events that begin with the formation of plaque in the mouth and are completely cured if treated correctly. But if it is not treated properly, it leads to periodontitis and destruction of the tissue around the teeth and tooth loss.

✓ Pregnancy gingivitis: Gingivitis that develops during pregnancy. Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy - especially the increase in progesterone levels - may cause the growth of bacteria and make the gum tissue more sensitive to plaque and cause the body's intensified response to poisons caused by plaque.

✓ Teeth whitening (tooth whitening): chemical process or using a laser to lighten the color of the teeth.

✓ Cementum: the hard tissue that covers the roots of the teeth.

✓ Sealants: a thin, transparent and white substance that is applied to the chewing surfaces of teeth to prevent tooth decay.

✓ Rinsing: mouthwash (antibacterial) that reduces bacteria that cause plaque and bad breath. Also, fluoride mouthwashes prevent tooth decay.

✓ Cleft palate: Cleft in the roof of the mouth.

✓ Cleft lip: Physical separation of the two sides of the upper lip that appears as a narrow gap in the skin of the upper lip. This separation often extends beyond the base of the nose and involves the bones of the upper jaw.

✓ Muscle relaxant: a type of medicine that is often prescribed to reduce muscle contractions and relieve pain.

✓ Nerve: A tissue that transmits sensation, temperature and information about the position of the body to the brain.

✓ Salivary glands: glands located under the tongue and cheeks that produce saliva.

✓ Space maintainer: A device that maintains the lost space after premature extraction of milk teeth.

✓ Fluoride: A mineral substance that helps to strengthen the structure of tooth enamel and reduces the tendency of tooth enamel to decay. Fluoride is swallowed through food or water and is present in most toothpastes. It can be applied as a gel or liquid to the tooth surface by the dentist.

✓ Fluorosis: Enamel color change caused by excessive consumption of fluoride (more than one part per million) and its entry into the bloodstream is called fluorosis. It is also called enamel mottling.

✓ Fistula (fistula): the drain of pus from the site of infection.

✓ Impression: Creates a negative image of teeth and soft tissues.

✓ Cusp: prominent points on the chewing surface of the back teeth.

✓ Cuspids: the third tooth from the center of the mouth to the back of the mouth. This tooth is one of the front teeth that have a round or sharp edge for biting and chewing. . They are also known as canine teeth and fangs.

✓ Palate: hard and soft tissues that form the roof of the mouth.

✓ Hard palate: the bony part of the front part of the roof of the mouth.

✓ Soft palate: the posterior third of the roof of the mouth, which is made up of soft tissue.

✓ Nerve (root) canal: dental pulp; The chamber or inner chamber of the tooth through which nerves and blood vessels pass.

✓ Conventional denture: A movable prosthesis that is prepared to replace the missing teeth about 8 to 12 weeks after the extraction of all teeth.

✓ Cap: a common term for dental crowns.

✓ Tooth extraction (extraction): tooth removal.

✓ Clasp: A component that keeps the movable partial prosthesis fixed to the tooth.

✓ Calcium: It is one of the essential elements for the development of healthy teeth, bones and nerves.

✓ Calculus: Hard, calcium-like deposits on the teeth that form due to insufficient plaque control and are often yellow or brown in color. Also called "tartar".

✓ Cyst: An abnormal sac containing gas, liquid, or a semi-solid substance.

✓ Gutta Percha: It is used as a filling material in filling root canals.

✓ Gum (gingiva): pink soft tissue that surrounds the teeth;

✓ Leukoplakia: A white or gray spot that develops on the tongue or inside the cheek. Leukoplakia is an oral reaction to chronic irritation of the oral mucous membranes.

✓ Stain: can have external or internal causes. Stains or external stains are caused by external substances such as tobacco, coffee, tea or food. They are usually removed by cleaning the teeth using an abrasive prophylactic paste. Stains or internal stains are caused by eating certain substances or chemicals during tooth development or as a result of caries. These stains are often permanent and cannot be removed.

✓ Periodontal ligament: The connective tissue that surrounds the teeth (specifically covers the cementum) and connects the tooth to the jaw bone and keeps it in place.

✓ Maxilla: upper jaw

✓ Malocclusion: Bite difficulty and difficulty in chewing along with the unfavorable position of the teeth

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✓ Metal-ceramic (PFM) (porcelain fused to metal crown): crown restoration that is made using metal coping (for strength) covered by porcelain (for better appearance).

✓ Oral hygiene specialist (hygienist): Oral hygiene trainer and clinical specialist who uses preventive, therapeutic and educational methods to control oral diseases.

✓ Oral medicine specialist: Oral medicine specialist in dentistry is a specialist who deals with the causes of oral soft and hard tissue diseases. Oral diseases and diagnosis are located at the border between dentistry and medicine and are one of the specialized branches of dentistry.

✓ Mouth guard: A device that is placed in the mouth and is responsible for protecting the teeth against impact or damage.

✓ Temporomandibular joint (TMJ): This joint connects the lower jaw to the skull.

✓ Mandible: lower jaw

✓ ADA Seal of Acceptance (ADA Seal of Acceptance): This term is awarded to products that meet the criteria of the American Dental Association in terms of science, safety, effectiveness, packaging, and advertising claims.

✓ Enamel: the hard mineral that covers the outer part of the tooth that is located above the gum.

✓ Flossing: Using dental floss to clean the contact areas between teeth. Part of the daily oral hygiene routine.

✓ Retainer: A mobile device that is used to keep teeth in a certain position for a relatively long time. (usually used at night).

✓ Sampling or biopsy: removing a small piece of tissue for diagnostic examination.

✓ Nitrous oxide: a gas (called laughing gas) that is used to reduce the anxiety of patients.

✓ Veneer: A thin layer of plastic or porcelain material (custom made) that is bonded directly to the labial or anterior surface of natural teeth to improve their appearance – for example to replace missing tooth structure. It is used to close spaces, straighten teeth and change the color and shape of teeth.

✓ Halitosis: bad breath from the mouth or digestive system.

✓ Handpiece: a tool used to remove, shape, finish, or modify teeth and dental materials in dental operations.